Objective To compare grid method, vision method, sticky trap method, and cage trap method in terms of the surveillance results of fly density and to provide a basis for effective application of grid method in the surveillance of fly density. Methods Surveillance of fly density was performed inside and outside the farmer’s market according to GB/T 23796-2009 Surveillance Methods for Vector Density-Fly. Results In the indoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than those measured by sticky trap method and vision method, but without significant differences between them. There was a strong correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.933 489, P＝0.000), and a good correlation was also seen between those measured by grid method and sticky trap method( r＝0.791 836, P＝0.004). In the outdoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than that measured by vision method and a little higher than that measured by cage trap method, but without significant differences between them. There was no correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.408 318, P＝0.212), but a good correlation was seen between those measured by grid method and cage trap method( r＝0.848 092, P＝0.001). Conclusion Grid method can be used for the surveillance of fly density. It can serve as a substitute for vision method and sticky trap method in the indoor surveillance and for cage trap method in the outdoor surveillance.

Objective To evaluate the application of black box method in mosquito surveillance by comparing the results from black box and lamp trap methods. Methods Two lamps were set at each surveillance site and one black box was put at a 10 m interval from each lamp. Surveillance was conducted twice every month. Results The total number of captured mosquitoes and the number of female mosquitoes by the lamp trap method was 3.50 times and 3.75 times higer than those monitored by black box method, respectively. The seasonal fluctuation curves reflected by both Methods were unimodal, with a peak in July. The monthly calculations of mosquitoes of the two Methods were highly correlated. Mosquitoes captured by the black box method included Culex pipens pallens (84.64%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (10.02%), and Anopheles sinensis (3.34%), and those by the lamp trap method were Cx. pipens pallens (80.47%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (11.79%), and An. sinensis (6.88%). Only a few Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus were trapped. The male-female ratios were similar between the two methods, whereas great difference in the mosquito number was found in distinct environments. Black box method was more effective in parks and hospitals than the other, while lamp trap was more effective in pasture lands and farms. Two peaks of mosquito density were shown on 05: 00 and 19: 00 with environmental difference between day and night. The day and night peaks of density were also present in parks, farms and pasture lands except hospitals and residential areas where only one night peak was shown. Conclusion With fewer requirements for equipment, operation skills and power supply, the black box method is an effective alternative to the lamp trap approach. Deployment before the night peak of density and collection after the early morning peak is recommended for mosquito monitoring.

Objective To analyze the species composition, seasonal variation and the diversity of fly at different habitants in Hongkou district, Shanghai from 2006 to 2010 to provide evidence for the prevention and control. Methods Cage traps with sugar and vinegar baits were used to capture flies. Quarterly analysis of biodiversity was performed from March to November each year. Results The flies in this district belonged to 10 species, 7 genera and 3 families. The highest density was noted in Musca domestica (0.62 flies per day for every cage). The density of M. domestica was increased, whereas the density of Lucilia sericata declined each year. The fly densities were 2.52, 1.91, 1.46, 1.12, and 0.70 flies per day for every cage from 2006 to 2010, respectively. The highest density was noted in late April, early May, late June and mid-July from 2006 to 2010. In July, eight species were collected at most. The species diversity index and evenness index were highest in May. Different habitats by fly density in descending in the last five years were: farm trade market ＞ residential area ＞ public green belt ＞ external environment of restaurants. The most abundant species were observed in residential areas (ten species), which had the highest species diversity index and evenness index. Conclusion The fly diversity declined year by year from 2006 to 2010, which had a peak from late April to mid-July each year. The dominant species were M. domestica and L. sericata. The population characteristics could be generally described by the species diversity index and evenness index.

Objective To compare mosquito densities using the black box method and the carbon dioxide method and explore the application of the black box approach. Methods The black box method and the carbon dioxide method were used to measure mosquito density and composition at seven locations in two districts of Shanghai. Correlations between species composition, sex ratios and seasonal variation were compared using the two Methods. Results The average mosquito density using the black box method (25.63 mosquitoes/box) was 3.50 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (7.32 mosquitoes/ device), and the average density of female mosquitoes using the black box method (14.65 mosquitoes/box) was 2.35 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (6.23 mosquitoes/device), densities were significantly different. The density indices of the two approaches were not correlated. The species composition recorded by the black box method was: Culex pipiens pallens (94.97%), Aedes albopictus (4.97%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (0.03%), and Anopheles sinensis (0.03%). The species composition recorded by the carbon dioxide method was: Cx. pipiens pallens (79.26%), Ae. albopictus (18.27%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (2.10%) and An. sinensis (0.37%). The differences in composition were also statistically significant. Conclusion As compared to the carbon dioxide method, the black box method is readily applicable, simple, affordable and can be used in most locations, particularly habitats dominated by Cx. pipiens pallens. The carbon dioxide method can be used for the monitoring of both Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus.

Objective To explore the on-site fly control effects of a new biological agent, Echo, in animal farms. Methods Echo, chlorbenzuron, pyriproxyfen, a mixture of Echo with chlorbenzuron, and a blank control were sprayed at the same concentration onto feces in a laboratory simulation and in the field. Results After treatment with Echo for 12 days, compared to the control group, the emergence rate of flies from the feces exposed at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, decreased by 96.2%, 64.4% and 86.7%, respectively. After treatment with Echo and the mixture of Echo and chlorbenzuron for 7 days and 12 days in the field, the density of fly larvae decreased by 56.2% and 65.5%, respectively. After treatment with Echo for 12 days, fly density decreased by 71.2% compared to the control. After treatment with the Echo and chlorbenzuron mixture for 12 days, fly density decreased by 55.2% compared to the control. Fly density also decreased by 74.5% after treatment with Echo for 6 h in the field. Conclusion The Results show that Echo was effective in deodorization, inhibition of fly breeding and reduction of fly density.

Objective To compare the black box method with the labor hour method in terms of their differences in the surveillance of mosquito density and explore the possibility of substituting black box method for the labor hour method for the surveillance. Methods The differences between the black box method and the labor hour method in terms of their performance in the surveillance of mosquito density and species were compared based on the data from three independent surveillance sites, with the correlation of the two Methods in the surveillance of the species composition ratio, sex ratio and seasonal fluctuation trends examined. Results The Results showed that the density of mosquito by black box method was 1.51 mosquitoes per site, lower than that by labor hour method (3.13 mosquito per box), with a significant difference between them (t＝4.985, P＝0.0025). In terms of the seasonal fluctuation tendency of mosquitoes, similar findings from the two Methods were obtained with good correlation and significant statistical difference (r＝0.8833, P＝0.0084). It was found that the density of female mosquitoes by the labor hour method was 1.88 mosquitoes per site, higher than that by black box method (0.50 mosquito per box) with a significant difference between them (t＝5.043, P＝0.0023). There was no correlation between the fluctuation curves of the two methods(r＝0.4812, P＝0.2743). The species and composition of mosquitoes were also different with the two different methods. The main species collected by the black box method was Culex pipiens pallens(90.6%), followed by Cx.tritaeniorhynchus(4.1%), Aedes albopictus (2.4%) and Armigeres subalbatus(2.9%), with no Anopheles sinensis found. As far as the labor hour method was concerned, Cx. pipiens pallens(42.8%) and Ar. subalbatus (40.3%) were the main species collected, with Cx. tritaeriorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. sinensis accounting for 11.7%, 4.7% and 0.5% respectively. In addition, there was a different sex ratio of the mosquitoes collected with the two different methods, with the number of male mosquitoes larger than that of female ones in the surveillance with the black box method, and the opposite being true for the labor hour method. The quantity of female mosquitoes collected by the black box method was close to that by labor hour method, but there was a statistically significant difference (χ²＝146.18, P＜0.001). The quantity of male mosquitoes collected by the black box method was larger than that by the labor hour method with a statistically significant difference (χ²＝513.01, P＜0.0001). Conclusion The black box method, capable of capturing more female than male mosqitoes, is applicable to the surveillance of a variety of mosquito species , but the regularity and standard operating procedure (SOP) of the method as a surveillance tool remains to be studied.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of 0.5% pyriproxyfen granules for control of Aedes albopictus, providing the basis for mosquito control drugs and techniques during the Shanghai World Expo. Methods Larvae immersion was conducted to determine the mortality, pupation and eclosion rates at different concentrations under laboratory conditions and simulated field conditions. The control effects at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L on different larval instars were assessed. Pyriproxyfen was applied on-site to the breeding sites of Ae. albopictus (water wells and other water bodies) in residential areas, and the mosquito density was measured using the mosquito biting method. The larvae-containing water bodies were collected from the experiment field for further observation of larval growth and development. Results (1)At the concentration gradient from 0.06 to 0.12 mg/L, the mortality of larvae was 25.75%-49.00% and the pupation rate 31.19%-40.25% under laboratory conditions; adult mosquitoes did not emerge. The pupation rate of the control group was 99.25%, and the eclosion rate was 95.47%;(2)the tested agent inhibited the pupation and eclosion of multiple larval instars at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L, and the eclosion rate decreased as the concentration rose; (3) under the simulated environment, pyriproxyfen effectively inhibited the pupation and eclosion of mosquitoes at a concentration of above 0.5 mg/L in the shade; and(4)the density of both larval and adult mosquitoes reduced sharply at the breeding sites after on-site application of pyriproxyfen granules, according to the investigation of breeding sites and adult mosquito biting method. Only 0.24%-0.71% of the larvae collected from the water bodies developed into adults. Conclusion Pyriproxyfen can inhibit the growth and development of Ae. albopictus larvae. 1 mg/L of pyriproxyfen can be directly applied to the breeding sites for mosquito control.

Disease vectors are basically organisms that transmit pathogens of various diseases. Shanghai World Expo is to be held during the peak period of disease vectors. Therefore, to reduce densities of disease vectors and lessen the threat of vector?borne diseases has become an important part of public health protection during the Expo. An expert consultation was convened to elaborate issues on the control of disease vectors throughout the Expo, and expert advice was adopted by relevant departments. In view of this, inspection of disease vectors in various industries of the city is further strengthened; technical documents of control measures applicable for the Expo are developed, and emergency response training and drills are improved for the professional and technical personnel of vector control. As a result, a solid foundation has been laid for public health protection, particularly the control of vectors, during the Expo.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and comparability of three methods of cockroach density monitoring in the same unit, providing scientific basis for the standardization of cockroach density monitoring and the assessment of control efficacy.  Methods Three commonly used density monitoring and measurement approaches were tested in three units with different infestation rates. For each place, visual observation, glue traps and sprays were concurrently conducted in order. Data statistics was tested using Chi-square, two-sample mean-comparison test and one-way ANOVA.  Results （1） Except for three units where no cockroaches were captured, cockroaches were detected in 28 out of 31 experimental units by the three monitoring methods. （2） The detection rates of visual observation, glue traps and sprays were 48.82%, 46.08% and 48.44%, respectively, without statistically significant difference (χ2＝0.556，P≥0.05). The density indexes were 9.65 /room, 7.04 /trap and 13.57 /room, respectively.（3） Regardless of high, intermediate or low infestation rates, no statistical difference was shown in the positive rates and density indexes derived from three approaches. Conclusion The three methods were all useful in density monitoring, investigation and efficacy assessment. However, the sample size, the responsibility of monitors and the adherence to standard procedures determine the accuracy and reliability of positive rates and density indexes whichever approach is taken. Establishment of indexes for glue traps is desired.

【Abstract】 Objective To verify the effect of simvastatin on the population dynamics of Blattella germanica. Methods Two groups of B.germanica were reared with feedstuff containing 0.001% simvastatin and common feed, respectively. The population quantity of different development stages of B.germanica and their constitution ratio were investigate after breeding for different time. Results The quantity of adult cockroaches with oothecae in the tested group reduced gradually after treatment for two months, six months and eight months, respectively. Accordingly, the quantity of male and female adult cockroach also decreased gradually. The nymphae quantity after treated for four months was two times than that after treatment for two months. However, it decreased rapidly in the sixth month, and the quantity of female adults and adults with oothecae reduced to zero in the eighth month. The quantity of male adults and nymphae was 2 and 15, respectively. The quantity of adults with oothscae was all higher than the initial number after they were bred with common feed for two months and six months. But in the forth month, it decreased a little compared to the initial number. And, it was basically equal to the initial number in the eighth month. With the decrease of the adults with oothecae, the quantity of male and female adults also reduced gradually. Similar to the tested group, the nymphae quantity in the control group was the highest after breeding for four month, and then it gradually decreased. In the eighth month, there were 78 nymphae, 5 adult cockroaches with oothacae, 8 female adults and 12 male adults. Conclusion B.germanica would lose the capability of its population restoration after breeding with feed containing 0.001% simvastatin for eighth months.

【Abstract】 Objective To compare biological characteristics and population dynamics of deltamethirn-resistance strain and susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus in the laboratory. Methods Biological characteristics of two mosquito strains such as reproduction, development and bloodsucking were observed and recorded in the laboratory, and the life tables of them were established. Results The hatching rate, pupation rate and emergence rate of resistance strain were lower than that of susceptible strains， decreasing about 16.67%, 8.92%, and 0.44% respectively, and the difference of them were significant（P＜0.05）. The bloodsucking rate and the quantity of female filial generation reproduced by each female of resistance strain were also lower than that of susceptible strain. R₀ and rm of resistance strain were 151.86 and 0.16 respectively, however that of susceptible strain were 177.18 and 0.20.  Conclusion The resistance of Ae.albopictus to deltamethrin results in the decrease of adaptability to environment change and the disadvantage of reproduction.

Objective To evaluate the control effect of the measures that breeding management combinating with culture propagation to dengue fever vector— Aedes albopictus in residential area, and to explore possibility of this measure popularization. Methods During May-October, clean out water in the containers at two times per weeks intervals and to inspect sewer and rainwater well at ten-days intervals in test area, and at the same time strengthen the culture propagation of mosquito control. However, take the common control methods in control area. To evaluate the effect with container index, breeding positive rate and adult density captured by man-bait and man-hour methods in test area. Results (1) The breeding positive rate of test area (5.56%) was lower than the control area (16.81%) during June-September. (2) There was significant difference between the breeding positive rate of outside environmental in test area (4.74%) and that of the control area (14.85%)( u=4.503, P<0.01). (3) The adult density captured by man-bait method was 0.60, 1.33 and 0.50 mosquito per 30 min from July to September in test area respectively, which was lower than 7.83, 7.67 and 5.00 mosquitoes of the control areas. (4) The adult density captured by man-hour was 1.80 mosquitoes per hour in test area, and the control was 5.80 mosquitoes. (5) The control cost was 0.08 Yuan per square meter in test area, but it was only 0.05 Yuan in control area. Conclusion To control efficiently breeding and adult density of A.albopictus in residential area by the methods that breeding control combinating with culture propagate. The control cost was within the acceptance of resident committee and property department, and so it could be popularized in the future.

Objective To study the application techniques of two monitoring methods for Aedes albopictus in the filed.Methods Put the mosq-ovitrap and ovitrap containing straw liquid or dechlorinated water at the households,hospitals,schools and park of 3 city zones and 1 suburb selected,and then observe the larval positive rates at different heights and different times from June to October of 2006.As the same time,investigate the larval indices such as HI,CI,BI around the surroundings of those places.Results(1) The larval indices of the ovitrap and mosq-ovitrap were 43.16% and 27.98% respectively,and there was significant difference between them( χ ²=13.73, P≤0.01).MDI value of mosqovitrap was 1.79-1.38 from June to October.(2) On monitoring by the two containers with straw liquid or dechlorinated water,the results showed that MDI,larval density and adult positive rate of the former were obviously higher than those of the latter.The adult positive rate of mosq-ovitrap with straw liquid was 2 times of that with dechlorinated water.(3) The larval index and larval density of two tested container put for 14 days was higher than that for 7 days.(4) Put the mosq-ovitrap and ovitrap on ground,the larval positive rates were 40.00% and 28.12% respectively.And the larval positive rates were 16.67% and 9.38% respectively when put them in the 1 m positionon above the ground.It suggested that the putting height of the containers had more significantly effect on epigamic efficiency(ovitrap χ²=23.74,P≤0.01;mosq-ovitrap χ²=3.70,P≤0.05).(5) The larval positive indices of two the containers have positive correlation with the HI,CI,BI index of traditional monitoring method(mosq-ovitrap r=0.7627,HI r=0.9832;CI r=0.9817;BI r=0.7498;ovitrap r=0.4574;HI r=0.9751;CI r=0.6313;BI r=0.5301).Conclusion The methods of Mosq-ovitrap and ovitrap were effective for the monitoring of larvae of Aedes albopictus.

Objective To study the rodenticides resistance,where first and second anticoagulant rodenticide were used in two commensal rodents control in Shanghai. Methods The in-taking toxicity was tested by unselective method in Rattus flavipectus and both 0.05%warfarin bait and 0.005% bromadiolone bait. Results R.flavipectusand R.norvegicus caught in four districts of Shanghai were tested,the resistance individual rate of R.norvegicustoR.flavipectus 13.79%,the resistance rate of R.norvegicusto bromadiolone is 4.76% and R.flavipectus 10.00%. Cross resistance was found in R.flavipectus. Conclusion After 14 years un-using warfarin,the resistance rate of R.norvegicusto warfarin decreased,but R.flavipectushad no changes. After using bromadiolone for 15 years,the resistance rate of R.norvegicusand R.flavipectusto bromadiolone had developed.

Objective To evaluate the field control efficiency against Aedes albopictus with 6% Miedeyou and 25% Pirimiphos methyl.Methods To apply these insectcides against Aedes albopictus with ULV sprayer in park,residential area,tyre cumulated site.The indexes for efficiency analying were human attacked,mosquito cage hanging and larva breeding.Results The RPI were 0,2.2 and 0 respectively in park,residential area and tyre piling up site contrasted with the control experiment 4 h after dealing with 6% Miedeyou Emulsifiable Solution.The effective maintained time varied in three trial fields,not more than 2 days in park,but more than 4 days in tyre piling up.More than 99% calibrated mortality of Aedes albopictus in cages were observed in three testing areas 24 h after the same trial.The rate of larva breeding after treated with 6% Miedeyou Emulisifiable was lower than control.The control efficiency times for Aedes albopictus after dealing with 25% rimiphos methyl was 48 h at the tyre cumulated site and the rate of larva was decline 50%,the control efficiency times for Aedes albopictus after dealing with 25%rimiphos methyl was 96 h at the residential area.Conclusion 6% Miedeyou emulsifiable solution and 25% Pirimiphos methyl can rapidly kill the adult and larva of Aedes albopictus in field with ULV sprayer.The methods and technology can be provide to the victor emergency control.

Objective To know the effects of mall anti bearing bait on anti procreate and controlling population size and to study the standard methods of anti bearing bait effect analysis in field.Methods "Beiao" bait and no "beiao" were selected to evaluate the feeding acceptability of SD rats in laboratory by select fooding method;after putting "beiao" in field for three and six monthes,the results for controlling rats by trap were recorded respectively;rats procreation and rate of infancy and manhood of catching rats from three fields("beiao" bait,Anti Cruor bait and naturalness) were analized by anatomised.Results(1) In laboratory,the coefficient of select food for SD rats was 0.45.(2)The rate of fetch was 30.0% outdoor,and 40.67% indoor.(3) After applied "beiao" for three and six monthes respectively,the RPI was 38.44 and 36.44 for treatment and CK(naturalness) respectively;while compareed with anti cruor,the RPI was 51.06 and 63.39.(4) The rate procreation of Apodemus agrarius from three areas("beiao" bait、Anti Cruor bait and naturalness)was different from each other,which were 0、22.00% 、27.78% respectively.(5)The rate of infancy and manhood was different from three areas.Conclusion The results from laboratory and fields showed that "beiao" baits has coefficient of select food and after put in fields half year,and has value in controlling rats compareing with anti cruor bait and naturalness.It may be used to control rats.The standard and methods on anti bearing bait has established that has operated.

Objective To observed the effect on attracting flies by six materials in fly trap in different fields(restaurant,park and food market) to find the best materials for attracting flies.Methods To put six materials into fly trap laid on restaurant,park and food market.After 72 h,168 h to observe amount and species of the attracted flies by the six materials in the three fields.Results There is amount difference of flies among three fields( P≤0.01).There is also species difference of flies among six materials;In six materials,"canker fish+bean draff"(3∶2) attracted the most flies.The following is "canker fish+bean draff(3∶2) + 0.1% TH6040".Conclusion In six materials,"canker fish+bean draff"(3∶2) and "canker fish+bean draff(3∶2) + 0.1% TH6040" should be used to attract flies in fly trap.

Objective To investigate the breeding habit of Dengue vector- Aedes albopictus and the distribution and the biting behavior of adult and its susceptibility to insecticide in Shanghai.The result is to provide guidance for Dengue control.Methods To collect larva from different areas and container to check the positive rate of larva during April-November and to survey the positive rate of larva during the same time by artificial container;To collect the water which has Aedes albopictus larva or has't Aedes albopictus larva for analysis in lab;To use mosquito net and the personnel hour to collect the adult;To use biting by man to observe the adult biting active related to light and temperature indoor and outdoor;To observe the control effect of several insecticides for Aedes albopictus in Lab and imitate field and field.Results(1) Aedes albopictus larva emerged during April-November in nature,the larva density peak was in June-September, Aedes albopictus larva in artificial container emerged at May,one month later than in nature.(2) The Aedes albopictus larva distribution was extensive,the rate of positive in city was less than that in suburb(χ ²=571.01,P<0.01).It distributed in the areas with abound tyres and abolishable goods?park?residential areas and construction field et al.It bred in tyre?jar?vat?bottle and the small container from flower and from house.The Aedes albopictus larva usually breeded in the water which consist of pH 7.34- 7.56、chloride 46.43-98.97 mg/L、dissolved oxygen 3.216 7-3.161 mg/L and nitrite nitrogen 0.043 5- 0.108 mg/L.(3) The adult emerged in Mary-November,with the density peak during June- September.The adult number with mosquito net was more than that with the personnel hour.(4)During June-September,the peak of biting rate indoor and outdoor were 8∶00- 10∶00 AM and 15∶00-16∶00 PM.The biting active was related with the LUX.(5) The LC ₅₀ of DDVP?deltamthrin?permethrin cypermethrin to Aedes albopictus larva was 0.115 6 ppm ? 0.004 56- 0.000 532 ppm0.003 147- 0.011 5 ppm 0.001 931-0.002 007 ppm respectively.It had no resistance to permethrin and cypermethrin.Temephos?diazinon and pirimiphos-methyl were all effective for Aedes albopictus larva.Conclusion This paper recorded the results of two methods to larva surveillance and two ways to catch adult.The biting active was related with the LUX and the larva breeding.Six insecticides were effective to Aedes albopictus. Aedes albopictus density had dangerous degree in Shanghai;Surveillance should be conducted for population density and vector energy in every year.The study of the control method for Dengue vector Aedes albopictus was carried out.

Objective To find out the population of Dengue vector and the rish degree of Dengue emergence and the breeding habit and distribution of vector in Shanghai area.The result was basis to provide guidance for Dengue control.Methods The larva collected from different area and container was identified for species and the positive rate of larva was checked.The man-alluring-biting method was used to survey the rate of biting during April-November,2001.Results(1) Aedes aegypti was not discovered in Shanghai, Aedes albopictus only.(2) Aedes albopictus> larva was discovered during April-November;The Aedes albopictus larva density peak was in June-September.(3)During June-September,the Aedes albopictus container index(CI) was 8.59%;the house index(HI) was 8.90%;the Breteau index(BI) was 12.19%;the larval density index(LDI) was 2.16;The biting rate index(BRI) was 16.6 sets/per man power hour;The density of Aedes albopictus was equal to WHO three degree.It has risk for Dengue to spread.(4)The Aedes albopictus larva distribution was extensive,in tyre.,Jar.,Vat and the container from flower and from house.(5)The positive rate was different between the city and country,and between the different unity,area and house.Conclusion The Dengue vector is Aedes albopictus and its population has risk degree in Shanghai;The surveillance on population density and vector energy should be conducted every year.The control method for Dengue vector Aedes albopictus should be studied.

Objective:To study the rodent control technology and methods in the outer environments of the city,Shanghai.Methods:Using bait expending in the our environments(residence area,food market,discard construction site) to observe the result(rate of bait expending) which the bait put in vary container,which the bait put in container and in out-container and which the vary bait(grain,cereal,wax) put in the same container.Result:The rate bait expending of three way(put bait in container,put the packing bait in ground and put the no-packing bait in ground) has difference(χ ²=273.39, P<0.01).The rate bait expending of the bait in container is situated between put the peaking bait and no-peaking bait in the ground.The rate bait expending on bamboo container higher than plastics container(χ ²= 7.43, P<0.01),but it was not difference with brick container(χ ²=0.82, P>0.05).The result of cereal bait and grain bait put in the container is excellence than wax bait from short time.The wax bait and small packing bait were good methods in moist building-out for long time.Conclusion:The rodent control in the outer environments should be using bait box(bait station) and wax,small pecking bait.

Objective:To investigate the Rodent distribution peculiality and the control technology.Methods:Using bait expending to observe the rodent distribution on the different zone,environments and seasons;Using the pairing bait to analysis the palatability of difference poison bait;Using the bait expending,powdered spot and rodent trace to observe the rodent control effect and its influence to rodent density of the ground.Results:The rodent density is more than 30%(bait expending) in city sewer of Shanghai.The rats distribution peculiality was:⑴the rate of bait expending on alley-beginning higher than alley-end;⑵the rate of bait expending on emphasis unit higher than non-emphasis unit and residence area;⑶the rate of bait expending on old city proper higher than new;⑷the rats density was non-relation between good sewer cover and poor;⑸it was non-relation between the area of along the river and non-along the river;⑹the rats population peak was spring(March and April) and autumn(October and November).Used meat dishes(roast duck,crust,sausage,meat) and oil food was more excellent than used wax bait.Used wax bait for rats serious harassment was also an effect control method.Two poison baits per sewer(wax+meat dishes or wax+oil food) were used to control the city sewer rodent.The rats density on ground was decline 57.58%(powdered spot),40.57%(rate of rats per family) and 64.45 %(rodent trace).Conclusions:Controlling the city sewer rodent is a complicacy work,it should be basis on investigating the rodent distribution,formulating preventive strategy for rodent of city sewer and studying best controlling period and methods.It should be strengthen rodent prevention equipment and controlling rodent of city sewer.

Objective:To investigate on field rats population variation,distribution and it's relation with HFRS.Methods:Mousetrap capture.Results:The field rats density was 2.31% in HFRS area.The dominant species was Apodemus agrarius and Crocidura lasiura.The population peak of rats was on May-July.The HFRS peak was on June-August.So there was a better relation ship between population peak of rats and HFRS peak.The Apodemus agrarius and Crocidura lasiura were distriuted extensively in field,but the main places of stay were river bank,water ditch,around the dwelling and rice field.The disorderly dirty could influence the density of rats.Conclusion:The field rats control must be strengthen in HFRS area.The time of field rats control should be May and winter.Above-mentioned places should be the main places being carried out control measures.

Objective:To analysisthe quality of rodent control with poison baits in apartments on the different streetsin a process of once rodent control.Methods:Direct observing and questionary.Result:The rate of cast bait was 87.56%,82.09% and 75.33% respectively.The rate of rodent trace was 16.59%,19.02% and 21.72% respectively.Thequalified rate for rodent proof equipment was 78.99%,68.75%,52.86%,respectively.The rate of effect was 81.41%,55.37% and 55.74%in order.Conclusions:The resultindicated that rodent control in the street is un-balanced.The rodent control of around street should bestrengthened.

Of 51 remove (break down) areas on Shanghai urban districts, only 66.67% units has adopted rodent control measures, but 91.18% units did it three months later, when rodent spread around.All subdistrict office knew it would be destroyed, but 39.22% did not kill rodent due to lack of money.37 remove and build units did not accept our advice to kill rodent.When subdistrict office adopted measures,52.38% units did not coordinate.Two weeks before removing, the control measures were adopted, the rodent density of around area may be restrained.If we take three times killing measures, two weeks before pulling down, when ending and before construction, the rodent density at around area and pulling down area could be completely controlled.We must improve the quality of killing rodent at remove (pull down) area.